{"format":"orbitwise.spaceweather.event","version":1,"id":"flares_2024_05_14","kind":"flares","title":"A day of C, M and X flares, 14 May 2024","as_of":"2026-10-01","start_unix":1715644800,"end_unix":1715731200,"start_utc":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","highlights":{"kp_max":2.333,"kp_max_text":"2+","kp_max_utc":"2024-05-14T09:00:00Z","g_scale_max":0,"speed_max_km_s":580,"speed_max_utc":"2024-05-14T00:15:00Z","density_max_cm3":5.0,"density_max_utc":"2024-05-14T00:25:00Z","bz_min_nt":-1.8,"bz_min_utc":"2024-05-14T15:15:00Z","bt_max_nt":7.3,"bt_max_utc":"2024-05-14T01:15:00Z","xray_max_w_m2":0.000869,"xray_max_class":"X8.6","xray_max_utc":"2024-05-14T16:51:00Z","r_scale_max":3,"xray_background_w_m2":5.13e-06,"xray_background_class":"C5.1","flare_counts":{"C":2,"M":2,"X":3},"cme_count":8,"cme_fastest_km_s":2119,"cme_fastest_launch_utc":"2024-05-14T17:00:00Z","cme_earth_arrivals":1},"series":{"kp":{"t0_unix":1715644800,"step_s":10800,"values":[1.333,1.333,1.333,2.333,2.333,1.667,2.0,0.667],"status":"def","meaning":"Planetary Kp for the 3-hour interval that starts at t0_unix + i * step_s (0 to 9, in thirds: 4.667 = 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means of 1-minute OMNI data, time-shifted from the L1 spacecraft to Earth's bow shock nose (so the times are when the wind reached Earth, about 30 to 60 minutes after L1). Bz is the north-south field in GSM coordinates (negative = southward, which couples to Earth's field); Bt is the field strength. null = no 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average","meaning":"GOES XRS X-ray flux at Earth in W/m^2. long = 0.1-0.8 nm (XRS-B, the channel that sets the flare class: A < 1e-7 <= B < 1e-6 <= C < 1e-5 <= M < 1e-4 <= X). short = 0.05-0.4 nm (XRS-A). null = no good measurement (for example when the satellite was in Earth's shadow around the equinoxes).","satellite":"GOES-16","gaps_utc":[],"files":["sci_xrsf-l2-avg1m_g16_d20240514_v2-2-1.nc"],"source":"goes_xrs_ncei"}},"flare_list_min_class":"all","flares":[{"peak_unix":1715651280,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T01:48:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T01:23:00Z","end_utc":null,"class":"M2.5","peak_w_m2":2.59e-05,"r_scale":1,"class_noaa_operational":"M2.5","region":13664,"location":"S18W89","donki_id":"2024-05-14T01:23:00-FLR-001"},{"peak_unix":1715652540,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T02:09:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T02:03:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T02:18:00Z","class":"X1.6","peak_w_m2":0.00017,"r_scale":3,"class_noaa_operational":"X1.7","region":13664,"location":"S19W89","donki_id":"2024-05-14T02:03:00-FLR-001"},{"peak_unix":1715691300,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T12:55:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T12:40:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T13:04:00Z","class":"X1.2","peak_w_m2":0.000123,"r_scale":3,"class_noaa_operational":"X1.2","region":13664,"location":"S19W90","donki_id":"2024-05-14T12:40:00-FLR-001"},{"peak_unix":1715700480,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T15:28:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T15:16:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T15:39:00Z","class":"C9.6","peak_w_m2":9.68e-06,"r_scale":0,"class_noaa_operational":null,"region":null,"location":null,"donki_id":null},{"peak_unix":1715705460,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T16:51:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T16:46:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T17:01:00Z","class":"X8.6","peak_w_m2":0.000869,"r_scale":3,"class_noaa_operational":"X8.7","region":13664,"location":"S19W90","donki_id":"2024-05-14T16:46:00-FLR-001"},{"peak_unix":1715708280,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T17:38:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T17:25:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T18:17:00Z","class":"M4.4","peak_w_m2":4.47e-05,"r_scale":1,"class_noaa_operational":"M4.4","region":13682,"location":"N18E72","donki_id":"2024-05-14T17:25:00-FLR-001"},{"peak_unix":1715728440,"peak_utc":"2024-05-14T23:14:00Z","start_utc":"2024-05-14T23:02:00Z","end_utc":"2024-05-14T23:38:00Z","class":"C7.2","peak_w_m2":7.23e-06,"r_scale":0,"class_noaa_operational":null,"region":null,"location":null,"donki_id":null}],"cmes":[{"launch_unix":1715653440,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T02:24:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T09:42:00Z","speed_km_s":502,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":34,"direction_lat_deg":0,"direction_lon_deg":95,"type":"C","source_location":"S19W89","region":13664,"linked_flare_ids":["2024-05-14T02:03:00-FLR-001"],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T02:24:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715662080,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T04:48:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T11:14:00Z","speed_km_s":567,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":38,"direction_lat_deg":-24,"direction_lon_deg":-90,"type":"C","source_location":null,"region":null,"linked_flare_ids":["2024-05-14T04:05:00-FLR-001"],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T04:48:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715681340,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T10:09:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T14:54:00Z","speed_km_s":744,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":34,"direction_lat_deg":41,"direction_lon_deg":-34,"type":"C","source_location":"N25E35","region":null,"linked_flare_ids":[],"earth_shock_utc":"2024-05-17T12:40:00Z","earth_shock_ids":["2024-05-17T12:40:00-IPS-001"],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T10:09:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715682960,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T10:36:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T15:39:00Z","speed_km_s":763,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":23,"direction_lat_deg":-29,"direction_lon_deg":92,"type":"C","source_location":null,"region":null,"linked_flare_ids":[],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":["2024-05-17T18:00:00-GST-001"],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T10:36:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715692320,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T13:12:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T18:20:00Z","speed_km_s":676,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":34,"direction_lat_deg":3,"direction_lon_deg":90,"type":"C","source_location":"S19W94","region":13664,"linked_flare_ids":["2024-05-14T12:40:00-FLR-001"],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T13:12:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715706000,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T17:00:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T18:36:00Z","speed_km_s":2119,"speed_range_km_s":[2119,2225],"half_angle_deg":37,"direction_lat_deg":3,"direction_lon_deg":96,"type":"R","source_location":"S19W96","region":13664,"linked_flare_ids":["2024-05-14T16:46:00-FLR-001"],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T17:00:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715707800,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T17:30:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T19:35:00Z","speed_km_s":1199,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":38,"direction_lat_deg":2,"direction_lon_deg":96,"type":"O","source_location":"S19W96","region":13664,"linked_flare_ids":[],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T17:30:00-CME-001"},{"launch_unix":1715708880,"launch_utc":"2024-05-14T17:48:00Z","time21_5_utc":"2024-05-14T20:33:00Z","speed_km_s":1292,"speed_range_km_s":null,"half_angle_deg":43,"direction_lat_deg":16,"direction_lon_deg":-72,"type":"O","source_location":"N18E72","region":13682,"linked_flare_ids":["2024-05-14T17:25:00-FLR-001"],"earth_shock_utc":null,"earth_shock_ids":[],"linked_storm_ids":[],"donki_id":"2024-05-14T17:48:00-CME-001"}],"shocks":[],"aurora":{"ovation":null,"ovation_note":"NOAA SWPC does not archive its OVATION Prime aurora forecasts, so past events use the Kp-driven oval model.","model":"starkov1994_kp","model_file":"res://assets/spaceweather/aurora_model.json","dipole_pole":{"lat":80.76,"lon":-72.75,"g10":-29356.8,"g11":-1415.5,"h11":4559.1,"epoch":2024.368,"model":"IGRF-14"}},"images":[],"notes":["Region AR 13664, the source of the Gannon storm, had rotated to the Sun's west limb. On this day it made C, M and X flares, including an X8.7 flare in NOAA's operational list: the second strongest of 2024 and 2025, after the X9.0 flare of 3 October 2024.","Flares at the limb send their CMEs away to the side, so this day caused no big storm at Earth."],"label":{"kind":"real_data"},"sources":[{"id":"gfz_kp","title":"Geomagnetic Kp index (definitive and nowcast), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences","credit":"Matzka, J., Bronkalla, O., Tornow, K., Elger, K. and Stolle, C. (2021): Geomagnetic Kp index. GFZ Data Services, doi:10.5880/Kp.0001","url":"https://kp.gfz.de/","licence":"CC BY 4.0"},{"id":"omni_hro_1min","title":"OMNI high-resolution 1-minute solar wind and magnetic field data, time-shifted to the Earth's bow shock nose (from ACE, Wind and DSCOVR)","credit":"J.H. King and N.E. Papitashvili, NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility, OMNIWeb and CDAWeb","url":"https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/HROdocum.html","licence":"Public domain (NASA data, no copyright); acknowledge NASA/GSFC SPDF OMNIWeb"},{"id":"goes_xrs_ncei","title":"GOES-R XRS 1-minute average X-ray flux and flare summary, science-quality Level 2 (version 2-2-1)","credit":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), GOES-R Series XRS team","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/goes-r-extreme-ultraviolet-xray-irradiance","licence":"Public domain (US Government work, NOAA)"},{"id":"donki","title":"Space Weather Database Of Notifications, Knowledge, Information (DONKI): CMEs, flares, interplanetary shocks, storms","credit":"NASA Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) and the Moon to Mars Space Weather Analysis Office","url":"https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/DONKI/","licence":"Public domain (NASA data, no copyright); acknowledge NASA CCMC"},{"id":"igrf14","title":"International Geomagnetic Reference Field, 14th generation (IGRF-14), dipole terms g10, g11, h11","credit":"IAGA Working Group V-MOD (Alken et al., 2025); file from NOAA NCEI","url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/igrf.html","licence":"Free use (IAGA reference model); cite IAGA V-MOD"},{"id":"starkov1994","title":"Auroral oval boundaries as a function of AL and Kp (Starkov 1994), coefficients as tabulated by Sigernes et al. (2011)","credit":"Starkov, G.V. (1994) Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 34(3), 331-336 and 34(1), 101-103; Sigernes, F. et al. (2011) Optica Pura y Aplicada 44(4), 599-603","url":"https://aurora.unis.no/doc/Sigernes_Oval.pdf","licence":"Published scientific coefficients (facts); our own code implements them"}]}